Individual Analysis Of Communication Strategies

Assignment 3 – Analysis of Communication Strategies

Finally… THE END…. :)

Alhamdulillah, thanks to Allah. After all the circumstances, I finally managed to finished the tasks that were given to be finished on this blog. First time i heard that we had to do tasks on a blog, i really thought it was just as easy as pie. But i am totally wrong. One of the thing that make this tasks hard for us was because of the internet. Sometimes we could not reach the internet due to the wireless connection problems. No internet, no survey monkey, no wordpress.

Anyway, it has over now. Now is the time for us to be focusing on the studies for the final exam. I sincerely thanks all of people who help me during the process to finished all the tasks in this blog, especially to my lecturers, Dr. Zaini and Dr. Zulkifli. I’m also sincerely apologized if my works does not really satisfying 😦

Not forgetting my beloved classmates and all my friends, thank you very much. Good luck in the final exam! See you guys in next semester! ^__^

 

Survey Monkey Report : Respondent’s friend

• Friend of respondent 1

Respondent 1 saw herself as a conscientiousness person. Coincidentally, her friend assume the same about her. Her friend saw her as a responsible, organized and persevering person that has a very tidy room. On social network, her friend saw her as someone who always shared important information with others.

• Friend of respondent 2

Friend of respondent 2 had the same opinion as me. His friend saw him as someone who responsible, organized and persevering. He also been described as a person that able to deal with most problems. His friend also answered that his room condition is very tidy and when in social networks, he always shared important information with others. His friend’s answers match my opinion that respondent 2 is a conscientiousness person.

• Friend of respondent 3

I assume that respondent 3 is suitable to be categorized in “extroversion” personality, but her friends thinks that she is more towards the “openness to experience” personality. Her friend states that respondent 3’s room was filled with her own creativity. When respondent 3 failed a paper in her exam, her friend saw her as someone who would take that as a challenge and do better next time. Her friend also answered that respondent 3 always post about her experience in activities while she was in social network.

• Friend of respondent 4

As for respondent 4, I categorized him in “agreeableness” personality, but his friend thinks that he is more towards the “openness to experience” personality. He always involved in social activities and post about his experiences in social networks. His friend also answered that when working in a group, respondent 3 always appreciate and respect the other’s opinion.

• Friend of respondent 5

Respondent 5 had been categorized as a neurotic person by me, and from the answers given in the survey monkey, i can see that her friend had the same opinion. Her friend states that respondent 5 ‘s room is almost empty and dull. Furthermore, her friend also saw her as someone who can easily feel anxious and moody, and that make her always post about her dissatisfaction in social network. She also tend to be the quiet one when working in a group.

Survey Monkey Report : Respondent

• Respondent 1

I assume that respondent 1 is suitable under ”openness to experience” personality. However, her answers in the surveymonkey are more towards the ”conscienstiousness” personality. She state that her room condition is very tidy. In social networks, she used to shared important information with others. When working in a group, she like to share the workload evenly.

• Respondent 2

I assume that respondent 2 is an “conscientiousness” person, but his answers toward the survey shows that he is more suitable with “openness to experience” personality . He always involved in social activities and if he failed in his exam, he would take that as a challenge and do better next time. Therefore, we can assume that my opinion about him was not correct.

• Respondent 3

Based on her Facebook postings, I assume that  respondent 3 is categorized in the “extroversion” personality. However, her answers in the questionnaires are more towards the “openness to experiences” personality. For example, she saw herself as someone that curious, intelligent and imaginative. She also said that her room is full of her own creativity and she was interested in puzzle that require an alert mind.  Therefore, I can sum up that she is, in fact, an “openness to experiences” person.

• Respondent 4

As what I see from his Facebook postings, respondent 4 is an “agreeableness” person. Luckily, his answers in the questionnaires prove that I am correct. He see himself as someone cooperative, helpful, and nurturing that suites him as an “agreeableness” person.

• Respondent 5

From her Facebook postings, I see respondent 5 as a sensitive person and categorized her in “neurocitism”. In the surveymonkey, she state that she does not always involved in social activities. She also saw herself as someone who can easily feel anxious and moody. She would be moody for a few days if she failed a paper in exam, and tend to be the quiet one when working in a group. Based on her answers, it have been proved that my assumption was correct.

Big Five Personality test (Respondent’s Friend)

Below is the questions that were given to a friend of the respondents.

Here is the link to this online survey–> http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/6VRDDFV

 

1. Your friend’s name

2. What is his/her major?

3. Does he/she always involved in social activities?

• Yes
• No

4. Which personality describe him/her the most?

• curious, intelligent, imaginative
• responsible, organized, persevering
• outgoing, amicable, assertive
• cooperative, helpful, nurturing
• anxious, insecure, sensitive

5. Choose one answer that best describes him/her.

• interested in puzzle that require an alert mind
• able to deal with most problem
• always surround him/herself with people
• trust that most people mean well
• can easily feel anxious and moody

6. Which of the following best describes his/her room condition?

• Full of him/her own creativity
• Very tidy
• Full of him/her friends’ photos
• Filled with charity posters and nature photos
• Almost empty, dull

7. Your friend failed a paper in exam.

• He/She will take that as a challenge and do better next time
• He/She will create a new timetable
• He/She will join the study group of the students who got high marks
• He/She will ask friends to help in the subject that he/she failed
• He/She will get moody for a few days

8. Your friend borrowed another friend’s shirt and lost it.

• He/She will figure out some solutions to find the shirt
• He/She will admit his/her mistake and buy a new one for the owner
• He/She will buy the exact dress/shirt because the other friends did so and it work
• He/She will try to find the dress/shirt because he/she believe that it can be found
• He/She will feel very nervous and tense

9. Which activity your friend do the most when he/she were in social networks?

• Post about his/her experience in activities
• Shared important information with others
• Comments at his/her friend’s post
• Click likes to his/her friend’s wall post and pictures
• Post about his/her dissatisfaction

10. When your friend working in a group, he/she

• always appreciate and respect the other’s opinion
• like to share the workload evenly
• usually got the leadership role
• tend to leads to positive group relations between group members
• always being the quiet one

Big Five Personality test (Respondent)

These are the questions that were given to my respondents.

Here is the link to this survey –> http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/JWWDFWD

1. Your name

2. What was your major?

3. Do you always involved in social activities?

• Yes
• No

4. Which personality describes you the most?

• curious, intelligent, imaginative
• responsible, organized, persevering
• outgoing, amicable, assertive
• cooperative, helpful, nurturing
• anxious, insecure, sensitive

5. Choose one answer that best describes you.

• I am interested in puzzle that require an alert mind
• I feel able to deal with most problem
• I surround myself with people when i can
• I trust that most people mean well
• I can easily feel anxious and moody

6. Which of the following best describes your room condition?

• Full of my own creativity
• Very tidy
• Full of my friends’ photos
• Filled with charity posters and nature photos
• Almost empty, dull

7. You failed a paper in your exam.

• I will take that as a challenge and do better next time
• I will create a new timetable
• I will join the study group of the students who got high marks
• I will ask my friend to help me in the subject that i failed
• I will be moody for a few days

8. You borrowed you friend’s shirt and you lost it.

• I will figure out some solutions to find her/his dress/shirt
• I will admit my mistake and buy her/him a new one
• I will buy the exact dress/shirt because my other friends did so and it work
• I will try to find the dress/shirt because I believe that I can find it
• I will feel very nervous

9. Which activity you do the most when you are in social networks?

• Post about my experience in activities
• Shared important information with others
• Comments at my friend’s post
• Click likes to my friend’s wall post and pictures
• Post about my dissatisfaction

10. When you working in a group, you

• always appreciate and respect the other’s opinion
• like to share the workload evenly
• usually got the leadership role
• tend to leads to positive group relations between group members
• always being the quiet one

Let’s try it! English Pronunciation~

If you can pronounce correctly every word in this poem, you will be speaking English better than 90% of the native English speakers in the world. After trying the verses, a Frenchman said he’d prefer six months of hard labor to reading six lines aloud.

Dearest creature in creation,
Study English pronunciation.
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.
I will keep you, Suzy, busy,
Make your head with heat grow dizzy.

Tear in eye, your dress will tear.
So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.
Just compare heart, beard, and heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Sword and sward, retain and Britain.
(Mind the latter, how it’s written.)

Now I surely will not plague you
With such words as plaque and ague.
But be careful how you speak:
Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;

Cloven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.
Hear me say, devoid of trickery,
Daughter, laughter, and Terpsichore,

Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,
Exiles, similes, and reviles;
Scholar, vicar, and cigar,
Solar, mica, war and far;
One, anemone, Balmoral,
Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;

Gertrude, German, wind and mind,
Scene, Melpomene, mankind.
Billet does not rhyme with ballet,
Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.
Blood and flood are not like food,
Nor is mould like should and would.

Viscous, viscount, load and broad,
Toward, to forward, to reward.
And your pronunciation’s OK
When you correctly say croquet,
Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,
Friend and fiend, alive and live.

Ivy, privy, famous; clamour
And enamour rhyme with hammer.
River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,
Doll and roll and some and home.
Stranger does not rhyme with anger,
Neither does devour with clangour.
Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,
Font, front, wont, want, grand, and grant,

Shoes, goes, does. Now first say finger,
And then singer, ginger, linger,
Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge and gauge,
Marriage, foliage, mirage, and age.
Query does not rhyme with very,
Nor does fury sound like bury.

Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth, loth.
Job, nob, bosom, transom, oath.
Though the differences seem little,
We say actual but victual.
Refer does not rhyme with deafer.
Foeffer does, and zephyr, heifer.

Mint, pint, senate and sedate;
Dull, bull, and George ate late.
Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,
Science, conscience, scientific.
Liberty, library, heave and heaven,
Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven.
We say hallowed, but allowed,
People, leopard, towed, but vowed.

Mark the differences, moreover,
Between mover, cover, clover;
Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,
Chalice, but police and lice;
Camel, constable, unstable,
Principle, disciple, label.

Petal, panel, and canal,
Wait, surprise, plait, promise, pal.
Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,
Senator, spectator, mayor.
Tour, but our and succour, four.
Gas, alas, and Arkansas.

Sea, idea, Korea, area,
Psalm, Maria, but malaria.
Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean.
Doctrine, turpentine, marine.

Compare alien with Italian,
Dandelion and battalion.
Sally with ally, yea, ye,
Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, and key.
Say aver, but ever, fever,
Neither, leisure, skein, deceiver.

Heron, granary, canary.
Crevice and device and aerie.
Face, but preface, not efface.
Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.
Large, but target, gin, give, verging,
Ought, out, joust and scour, scourging.

Ear, but earn and wear and tear
Do not rhyme with here but ere.
Seven is right, but so is even,
Hyphen, roughen, nephew Stephen,
Monkey, donkey, Turk and jerk,
Ask, grasp, wasp, and cork and work.
Pronunciation (think of Psyche!)
Is a paling stout and spikey?
Won’t it make you lose your wits,
Writing groats and saying grits?
It’s a dark abyss or tunnel:
Strewn with stones, stowed, solace, gunwale,
Islington and Isle of Wight,
Housewife, verdict and indict.
Finally, which rhymes with enough,
Though, through, plough, or dough, or cough?
Hiccough has the sound of cup.

My advice is to give up!!!

Concordance Exercise

A. Word List

Word	Frequency
Freedom	20
Negro	14
Ring	12
Dream	11
Nation	11
Come	10
Justice	8
Satisfied	8
Faith	5
Great	5

TABLE OF FREQUENCY

The above table shows the frequencies of the words used in the speech by Dr. Martin Luther King.

1. FREEDOM (noun)

The word freedom had been used 20 times in the speech. It had been used regularly by Dr. Martin Luther King because freedom is the main theme in this speech. He is stressing about freedom that they longing. Here are some examples of the word ‘freedom’ used in his speech.

1) I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. (Paragraph 1)

2) Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. (Paragraph 8)

3) With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (Paragraph 22)

2. NEGRO (noun)

Dr. Martin Luther King used this word 14 times in his speech. It was because he want to show who he is talking to and to make the audiences keep listening to him. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘Negro’ :

1) But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. (Paragraph 3)

2) One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. (Paragraph 3)

3) One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. (Paragraph 3)

3. RING (noun)

Ring had been used 12 times in the speech. It usually comes after word “freedom” to show the hope for the freedom itself. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘ring’ :

1) Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.(paragraph 33)

2) Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.(paragraph 35)

3) Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.(paragraph 38)

4. DREAM (noun)

the word ‘dream’ has been used 11 times in the speech. King uses the word of ‘dream’ to replace the hope to get the freedom and the hope for the future. It always been used with “I have a..”. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘dream’ :

1) I  have a dream that one day this nation will rise up…(paragraph 17)

2) I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi,…(paragraph 19)

3) I have a dream today!(paragraph 21)

5.NATION (noun)

The word ‘nation’ has been used 11 times in the speech. ‘nation’ refers to the place or land where King hopes for the justice to be given to all the ‘owners of the land’. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘nation’ :

1)  In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check.(paragraph 4)

2) We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.(paragraph 5)

3) I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.(paragraph 20)

6. COME (verb)

the word ‘come’ has been used 10 times in the speech. It has the meanings of ‘move towards’ or ‘arrives or happens’ based on the structure of the sentences. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘come’ :

1) And so, we’ve come to cash this check…(paragraph 5)

2) We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. (paragraph 6)

3) And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.(paragraph 9)

7. JUSTICE (noun)

the word ‘justice’ has been used 8 times in the speech. It is used to show the hope and dream of the black people from being segregate. King wants the justice to be given to all blacks and they will not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘justice’ :

1) But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. (paragraph 5)

2) Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children.(paragraph 6)

3) I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.(paragraph 19)

8. SATISFIED (adjective)

the word ‘satisfied’ has been used 8 times in the speech. King repeats the word to realize his people for what they should get. King wants the black people to think about their rights, not only satisfied for what they have at that time. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘satisfied’ :

1) We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality.(paragraph 13)

2) We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.(paragraph 13)

3) No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied…(paragraph 13)

9. FAITH (noun)

the word ‘faith’ has been used 5 times in the speech. King uses ‘faith’ to show the strong feeling or confidence in getting the freedom for the blacks. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘faith’ :

1) This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.(paragraph 25)

2) With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope(paragraph 26)

3) With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.(paragraph 26)

10. GREAT (adjective)

the word ‘great’ has been used 5 times in the speech. It is used to emphasize someone or something based on the context of the sentences. These are the examples for the use of the word ‘great’ :

1) Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.(paragraph 2)

2) This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.(paragraph 2)

3) And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.(paragraph 31)

Overall, the speech is very much loaded with rhetorical techniques.  King as an accomplished civil rights leader is a very accomplished writer.  His words are very hopeful and deliberate.  He is very conscious of his audience, and he is very commanding of his wording to avoid hurting his credibility with this audience.  However, King takes the right kinds of chances rhetorically.  I believe that this speech is one of the better written works that I have had the chance to read.(Wilkenfeld,2011)

B. Concordance

Besides the task to find frequent words in Dr.Martin speech, each group had also assign to determine the frequency, the manner and the meaning of the phrase in the speech context.

There are 10 phrases which is given:

1. I have a dream
2. One hundred years
3. We refuse
4. Satisfied
5. Now is the time
6. With this faith
7. Go back
8. This will be the day
9. Free at last
10. Let freedom ring

My group is responsible to analyse the “With this faith” phrase. Here are our finding.

i.  The frequency

By using the AntConc application, we have found 3 concordance hits of the phrase “With this faith”

“With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.” (Paragraph 26)

King repeated the phrase “with this faith” three times in his speech. What did he mean for the phrase was their hope of being FREEDOM in their own land.  He believed that all people are created equal and, although not the case in America at the time, King felt it must be the case for the future. He argued passionately and powerfully. King was trying very hard to persuade the people and nation to follow him.

ii) The Manner

Anaphora, the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences, is a rhetorical tool employed throughout the speech, “With this faith”.
The use of parallelism makes the phrase memorable. The audience will remember longer if you desired to freshen the crowd. It will make people ready to fight…peacefully, of course.

With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

Semantics..

Talking about semantics, make me remembered my first semester in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. It’s one of the topic in the hardest subject in my course. Due to the hardness, i predicted that i’ll fail in that subject. Alhamdulillah, I got B and pass. yeah! ^__^

Here are some quotes that related to semantics which i found while goggling. Let’s take a look!

All our work, our whole life is a matter of semantics, because words are the tools with which we work, the material out of which laws are made, out of which the Constitution was written. Everything depends on our understanding of them.
Felix Frankfurter

I think that, on the reconciliation issue, if they had the votes, we wouldn’t have had the summit. And if they try to go through reconciliation, it will be a change in semantics. Instead of the American people saying ‘stop the bill’ or ‘kill the bill,’ it’s all going to be about repealing the bill. That’s not the kind of discussion that they want.
Marsha Blackburn

If we’re for one another, we’re feminists. The rest is semantics.
Betty Buckley

Semantics, or the study of meaning, remained undeveloped, while phonetics made rapid progress and even came to occupy the central place in the scientific study of language.
Roman Jakobson

Uncritical semantics is the myth of a museum in which the exhibits are meanings and the words are labels. To switch languages is to change the labels.
Willard Van Orman Quine

When someone writes to tell me something I’ve written made them laugh or cry, I’ve done my job and done it well. The rest is all semantics.
Len Wein

“I have a dream”

I Have A Dream – Martin Luther King Jr.
As pronounced to the march on Washington, DC, 28 August 1963. 

“I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the “unalienable Rights” of “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds.” But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and thesecurity of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of thefierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take thetranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children.

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have arude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revoltwill continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm thresholdwhich leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.

We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.We cannot walk alone.

And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be satisfied?” We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with thefatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. *We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hoodand robbed of their dignity by a sign stating: “For Whites Only.”* We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until “justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest — quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution andstaggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow,

I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of “interposition” and “nullification” — one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; “and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.”

This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

And this will be the day — this will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning:My country ’tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim’s pride. From every mountainside, let freedom ring!

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. And so let freedom ring from theprodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado!

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!

But not only that: Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”